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First cost is not the cost. Run the 20-year math.
Gravel is cheapest to install and most expensive to own per year — unless you never maintain anything, in which case asphalt is. This calculator puts all three surfaces on one honest table: installed cost, 20-year maintenance schedule, total cost per square foot per year, and realistic lifespan. Adjust the installed rates to your local quotes and the ranking updates itself.
Homeowners staring at three wildly different contractor bids use this to compare them on equal terms: the 20-year cost-per-square-foot column converts sales pitches into math. It is the five minutes that prevents a five-figure mistake.
Asphalt is cheaper to install (typically $3–7/sq ft vs $6–12 for concrete) but needs sealcoating every 3–5 years and resurfacing around year 15–20. Over 20 years the totals are often close; over 30–40 years, concrete usually wins if it was installed correctly for the climate.
Indefinitely, with upkeep — plan on regrading and a fresh top layer every couple of years. It is the best answer for long rural driveways where paving costs are prohibitive and the worst answer for steep slopes or heavy snow-plow use.